Five-to-Fifteen-Revised (5-15R) Parent

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About the Five-to-Fifteen-Revised (5-15R) Parent

The Five-to-Fifteen-Revised (5-15R) questionnaire is a parent and teacher interview created in the 1990’s by researchers and clinicians in the Nordic countries. The questionnaire was originally called Five to Fifteen (FTF) (Kadesjö et al., 2004) and designed for children ages 5-15. It has since been developed, revised and ultimately renamed Five to Fifteen-R (5-15R); after a new norming study (Lambek & Trillingsgaard, 2015), it now covers ages 5-17. 5-15R is used for examination of developmental disorders and behavioural problems, and sheds light on various important areas of child development. The questionnaire may be used by a number of different professions, but psychologists and doctors should be consulted when interpreting results.

The 5-15R questionnaire consists of 181 items, each being a statement which the respondent assesses as either 0 (“Does not apply”), 1 (“Applies sometimes/to some extent”) or 2 (“Applies”).

The items are divided into 8 different domains (areas): motor skills, executive function (including attention), perception, memory, language, learning, social competence and mental problems. Most domains are further divided into two or more subdomains.

There are also so-called “influence questions” after each domain, in which parents are asked to summarise whether the child’s behaviour creates difficulties in everyday life.

Finally, parents are asked to freely describe their child’s greatest strengths as well as whatever problems they are most worried about. This assessment should be based on the child’s behaviour over the last three months.

The 5-15R questionnaire is normed (Kadesjö et al., 2004) and a number of studies (Kadesjö et al., 2004; Korkman et al., 2004; Bohlin & Janols, 2004) have found it to have high validity and reliability. The current norms for the parent version of 5-15R were based on responses from approximately 4,000 randomly selected Danish parents between 2011 and 2013 (Lambek & Trillingsgaard, 2015). The norms for the teacher version were based on around 1,500 questionnaires filled out by Danish teachers. Parent responses were also available for these children, which made it possible to compare results from parent and teacher questionnaires.

The results obtained show the responses for each item; the median, average and standard deviation; as well as the 90th and 98th percentiles for each domain and subdomain.

In order to be approved as a user of the 5-15R, one must outline one’s professional qualifications/skills, in which context one intends to use the questionnaire, and also accept the ethical terms and conditions associated with the questionnaire. Users are expected to have basic education at the university level in education, medicine or psychology. Moreover, they are also expected to be working in teams assigned to investigating difficulties in children. Users should have good knowledge of normal child development and what constitutes abnormalities in this area. One must also possess basic knowledge of statistics in order to interpret results and be aware of the instrument’s possibilities and limitations. The most important factor within any investigation team is that the people involved have the competence required to interpret the results of the 5-15R. Other people can submit data but results and calculations/scoring must be interpreted and evaluated by people qualified to do so.

  1. Kadesjö B, Janols LO, Korkman M, Mickelsson K, Strand G, Trillingsgaard A, et al. The FTF (Five to Fifteen): the development of a parent questionnaire for the assessment of ADHD and comorbid conditions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;13 Suppl 3:3-13.
  2. Korkman M, Jaakkola M, Ahlroth A, Pesonen AE, Turunen MM. Screening of developmental disorders in five-year-olds using the FTF (Five to Fifteen) questionnaire: a validation study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;13 Suppl 3:31-8.
  3. Trillingsgaard A, Damm D, Sommer S, Jepsen JR, Ostergaard O, Frydenberg M, et al. Developmental profiles on the basis of the FTF (Five to Fifteen) questionnaire-clinical validity and utility of the FTF in a child psychiatric sample. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;13 Suppl 3:39-63.
  4. Airaksinen EM, Michelsson K, Jokela V. The occurrence of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and coexisting symptoms in a population study of 471 6-8-year old children based on the FTF (Five to Fifteen) questionnaire. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;13 Suppl 3:23-30.
  5. Bohlin G, Janols LO. Behavioural problems and psychiatric symptoms in 5-13 year-old Swedish children-a comparison of parent ratings on the FTF (Five to Fifteen) with the ratings on CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;13 Suppl 3:14-22.
  6. Lambek R, Trillingsgaard A. Elaboration, validation and standardization of the five to fifteen (FTF) questionnaire in a Danish population sample. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2015;38:161-70.

2023

  • Robertsson Grossmann K, Eriksson Westblad M, Blennow M, Lindström K. Outcome at early school age and adolescence after hypothermia-treated hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: an observational, population-based study. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2023;108(3):295-301.
  • Morales-Muñoz I, Paavonen EJ, Kantojärvi K, Härkänen T, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Kylliäinen A, et al. Genetic background to attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder symptoms at the age of 5 years: the role of sleep duration. Sleep. 2023;46(7).
  • Marinopoulou M, Unenge Hallerbäck M, Bornehag CG, Billstedt E. Is WISC-IV Working Memory Index associated with ADHD symptoms in 7-8-year-olds? Applied Neuropsychology. Child. 2023:1-10.
  • Kolseth Å J, Kulseth S, Stafne SN, Mørkved S, Salvesen K, Evensen KAI. Physical health and neurodevelopmental outcome in 7-year-old children whose mothers were at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2023;102(9):1193-202.
  • Ericson J, Ahlsson F, Wackernagel D, Wilson E. Equally Good Neurological, Growth, and Health Outcomes up to 6 Years of Age in Moderately Preterm Infants Who Received Exclusive vs. Fortified Breast Milk-A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2023;15(10).
  • Mäkilä E, Ekblad MO, Rautava P, Lapinleimu H, Setänen S. Five-to-Fifteen-Parental Perception of Developmental Profile from Age 5 to 8 Years in Children Born Very Preterm. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023;13(5).

2022

  • Klamer A, Toftlund LH, Grimsson K, Halken S, Zachariassen G. IQ Was Not Improved by Post-Discharge Fortification of Breastmilk in Very Preterm Infants. Nutrients. 2022;14(13).
  • Jaschinski C, Knetsch V, Parzer P, Meyr J, Schroeder B, Fonseca E, et al. Psychosocial Impact of Congenital Heart Diseases on Patients and Their Families: A Parent’s Perspective. World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery. 2022;13(1):9-15.
  • Tallberg P, Svanberg K, Hallin AL., Rastam M, Gustafsson P, Perrin, S. The Three-year Outcome of Emotional Symptoms in Clinically Referred Youth with ADHD and their Relationship to Neuropsychological Functions. Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2022; 10(1), 72–86.

2021

  • Ruuska S, Lähteenmäki M, Häyrinen T, Kanerva K, Jahnukainen T, Haataja L, et al. Neurocognitive and Motor Functions in Biliary Atresia Patients: A Cross-sectional, Prospective National Cohort Study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2021;73(4):491-8.
  • Hirvikoski T, Lajic S, Jokinen J, Renhorn E, Trillingsgaard A, Kadesjö B, et al. Using the five to fifteen-collateral informant questionnaire for retrospective assessment of childhood symptoms in adults with and without autism or ADHD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021;30(9):1367-81.
  • Niiranen J, Kiviruusu O, Vornanen R, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Paavonen EJ. High-dose electronic media use in five-year-olds and its association with their psychosocial symptoms: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3):e040848.
  • González C, Castillo RD, Franzani JP, Martinich C. Screening of Developmental Difficulties during the Transition to Primary School. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021;18(8).

2020

  • Stübner C, Flynn T, Gillberg C, Fernell E, Miniscalco C. Schoolchildren with unilateral or mild to moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss should be screened for neurodevelopmental problems. Acta Paediatrica. 2020;109(7):1430-8.
  • Ellingsen MS, Pettersen A, Stafne SN, Mørkved S, Salvesen K, Evensen K. Neurodevelopmental outcome in 7-year-old children is not affected by exercise during pregnancy: follow up of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2020;127(4):508-17.

2019

  • Lööf E. Additional challenges in children with idiopathic clubfoot: is it just the foot? Journal of Children’s Orthopaedics. 2019;13(3):245-51.
  • Huhdanpää H, Morales-Muñoz I, Aronen ET, Pölkki P, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Paunio T, et al. Sleep Difficulties in Infancy Are Associated with Symptoms of Inattention and Hyperactivity at the Age of 5 Years: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2019;40(6):432-40.
  • Nilsson G, Westerlund J, Fernell E, Billstedt E, Miniscalco C, Arvidsson T, et al. Neurodevelopmental problems should be considered in children with febrile seizures. Acta Paediatrica. 2019;108(8):1507-14.
  • Lööf E, Andriesse H, Broström EW, André M, Bölte S. Neurodevelopmental difficulties in children with idiopathic clubfoot. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2019;61(1):98-104.
  • Lööf E, Andriesse H, Broström EW, André M, Böhm S, Bölte S. Neurodevelopmental difficulties negatively affect health-related quality of life in children with idiopathic clubfoot. Acta Paediatrica. 2019;108(8):1492-8.
  • Lugnegård T, Bejerot S. Retrospective parental assessment of childhood neurodevelopmental problems: the use of the Five to Fifteen questionnaire in adults. BJPsych Open. 2019;5(3):e42.

2018

  • Bolk J, Farooqi A, Hafström M, Åden U, Serenius F. Developmental Coordination Disorder and Its Association With Developmental Comorbidities at 6.5 Years in Apparently Healthy Children Born Extremely Preterm. JAMA Pediatrics. 2018;172(8):765-74.
  • Broström L, Vollmer B, Bolk J, Eklöf E, Ådén U. Minor neurological dysfunction and associations with motor function, general cognitive abilities, and behaviour in children born extremely preterm. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2018;60(8):826-32.
  • Berglund SK, Chmielewska A, Starnberg J, Westrup B, Hägglöf B, Norman M, et al. Effects of iron supplementation of low-birth-weight infants on cognition and behavior at 7 years: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Research. 2018;83(1-1):111-8.
  • Dahl S, Wickström R, Ek U, Teär Fahnehjelm K. Children with optic nerve hypoplasia face a high risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Acta Paediatrica. 2018; 107(3), 484–89.

2017

  • Davidsson M, Hult N, Gillberg C, Särneö C, Gillberg C, Billstedt E. Anxiety and depression in adolescents with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders; correlation between parent- and self-reports and with attention and adaptive functioning. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2017;71(8):614-20.
  • Reinvall O, Kujala T, Voutilainen A, Moisio AL, Lahti-Nuuttila P, Laasonen M. Sluggish cognitive tempo in children and adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders: Social impairments and internalizing symptoms. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2017;58(5):389-99.

2016

  • Farooqi A, Adamsson M, Serenius F, Hägglöf B. Executive Functioning and Learning Skills of Adolescent Children Born at Fewer than 26 Weeks of Gestation. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151819.
  • Forsman L, Eliasson AC. Strengths and challenges faced by school-aged children with unilateral CP described by the Five To Fifteen parental questionnaire. Developmental Neurorehabilitation. 2016;19(6):380-8.

2015

  • Elovainio M, Raaska H, Sinkkonen J, Mäkipää S, Lapinleimu H. Associations between attachment-related symptoms and later psychological problems among international adoptees: results from the FinAdo study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2015;56(1):53-61.

2014

  • Illum NO, Gradel KO. The Nordic Five to Fifteen questionnaire could provide the basis for a common neurological disability variable. Acta Paediatrica. 2014;103(8):879-85.
  • Huhtala M, Korja R, Lehtonen L, Haataja L, Lapinleimu H, Rautava P. Associations between parental psychological well-being and socio-emotional development in 5-year-old preterm children. Early Human Development. 2014;90(3):119-24.

2013

  • Nylander C, Toivonen H, Nasic S, Söderström U, Tindberg Y, Fernell E. Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and high HbA1c — a neurodevelopmental perspective. Acta Paediatrica. 2013;102(4):410-5.
  • Koubaa S, Hällström T, Hagenäs L, Hirschberg AL. Retarded head growth and neurocognitive development in infants of mothers with a history of eating disorders: longitudinal cohort study. BJOG. 2013;120(11):1413-22.
  • Farooqi A, Hägglöf B, Serenius F. Behaviours related to executive functions and learning skills at 11 years of age after extremely preterm birth: a Swedish national prospective follow-up study. Acta Paediatrica. 2013;102(6):625-34.
  • Bejerot S, Humble MB. Childhood clumsiness and peer victimization: a case-control study of psychiatric patients. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:68.

2012

  • Raaska H, Lapinleimu H, Sinkkonen J, Salmivalli C, Matomäki J, Mäkipää S, et al. Experiences of school bullying among internationally adopted children: results from the Finnish Adoption (FINADO) Study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2012;43(4):592-611.
  • Engström P, Van’t Hooft I, Tedroff K. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and problems among children with idiopathic toe-walking. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2012;32(8):848-52.
  • Raaska H, Elovainio M, Sinkkonen J, Matomäki J, Mäkipää S, Lapinleimu H. Internationally adopted children in Finland: parental evaluations of symptoms of reactive attachment disorder and learning difficulties – FINADO study. Child: Care, Health and Development. 2012;38(5):697-705.
  • Engman ML, Lindström K, Sallamba M, Hertz C, Sundberg B, Hansson ME, et al. One-year follow-up of tick-borne central nervous system infections in childhood. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2012;31(6):570-4.

2011

  • Lindblad I, Gillberg C, Fernell E. ADHD and other associated developmental problems in children with mild mental retardation. The use of the “Five-To-Fifteen” questionnaire in a population-based sample. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2011;32(6):2805-9.
  • Lundervold AJ, Posserud MB, Ullebø AK, Sørensen L, Gillberg C. Teacher reports of hypoactivity symptoms reflect slow cognitive processing speed in primary school children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2011;20(3):121-6.

2010

  • Rautava L, Andersson S, Gissler M, Hallman M, Häkkinen U, Korvenranta E, et al. Development and behaviour of 5-year-old very low birthweight infants. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2010;19(8):669-77.
  • Lind A, Haataja L, Rautava L, Väliaho A, Lehtonen L, Lapinleimu H, et al. Relations between brain volumes, neuropsychological assessment and parental questionnaire in prematurely born children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2010;19(5):407-17.
  • Lambek R, Trillingsgaard A, Kadesjö B, Damm D, Thomsen PH. Gender differences on the Five to Fifteen questionnaire in a non-referred sample with inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity and a clinic-referred sample with hyperkinetic disorder. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2010;51(6):540-7.

2009

  • Svanborg P, Thernlund G, Gustafsson PA, Hägglöf B, Schacht A, Kadesjö B. Atomoxetine improves patient and family coping in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Swedish children and adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009;18(12):725-35.

2006

  • Bruce B, Thernlund G, Nettelbladt U. ADHD and language impairment: A study of the parent questionnaire FTF (Five to Fifteen). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006;15(1):52-60.

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